The van-sized probe should arrive at its destination in the Asteroid Belt, between Mars and Jupiter, in July 2029.
PHOTOGRAPH COURTESY OF NASA ASTEROID Psyche was originally thought to be made up mostly of metal. The probe to reach it in 2029 may prove otherwise.
A metal-rich asteroid that may be the remains of a small planet or perhaps a completely new class of celestial body that science is yet to discover is a world unto itself.
A NASA spacecraft is scheduled to launch on Friday in the direction of Psyche, a distant object located 2.2 billion miles (3.5 billion kilometers) away that may hold information about the interior of planets like Earth.
"We've visited either in person or robotically, worlds made of rock, worlds made of ice, and worlds made of gas… but this will be our first time visiting a world that has a metal surface," lead scientist Lindy Elkins-Tanton told reporters during a briefing this week.
NASA and SpaceX are targeting Friday at 10:19 a.m. Eastern Time (1419 GMT) for launch from Kennedy Space Center, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, with a backup window on Saturday if weather conditions are unfavorable.
Trailing a blue glow from its next-generation electric propulsion system and flanked by two large solar arrays, the van-sized probe should arrive at its destination in the Asteroid Belt, between Mars and Jupiter, in July 2029.
Rocky cores
Over the following two years, it will deploy its suite of advanced instruments to look for evidence of an ancient magnetic field, probe its chemical composition, and study the minerals and topography of Psyche.
Scientists think Psyche, named after the goddess of the soul in Greek mythology, could be part of the iron-rich core of a "planetesimal," a building block of all rocky planets.
It could also be something else — a leftover piece of an iron-rich, primordial solar system object that's not yet been documented.
"This is our one way to see a core," Elkins-Tanton said. "We say, tongue in cheek, that we're going to outer space to explore inner space."
Psyche is thought to have an irregular, potato-like shape, measuring 173 miles (280 kilometers) across at its widest point — though it's never actually been seen up close.
Until recently, scientists thought it was overwhelmingly composed of metal — but analyses based on reflected radar and light now indicate that metal probably comprises between 30-60 percent, with the rest being rock.
Solar propulsion
The mission will include several technological innovations.
The Psyche spacecraft, named after the asteroid, will test out next-generation communications based on lasers, rather than radio waves — a step NASA compares to upgrading old telephone lines on Earth to fiber optics.
Deep Space Optical Communications, as the system is called, "was designed to demonstrate 10 to 100 times the data-return capacity of state-of-the-art radio systems used in space today," said Abi Biswas of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in a statement.
Psyche also uses a special kind of propulsion system called "Hall-effect thrusters" that harnesses the energy from solar panels to create electric and magnetic fields that, in turn, expel charged atoms of xenon gas.
The thrust it exerts is roughly equal to the weight of an AA battery in your hand. But in the void of space, the spacecraft will accelerate continuously to tens of thousands of miles per hour.
Such systems avoid the need to carry thousands of pounds of chemical fuel into space, and Psyche will be the first time they are used beyond lunar orbit.
