Verstappen solved his electrical issue by lap seven and reeled in Alonso on the long back straight.
Two laps later he had the measure of Hamilton and nipped past on the final hairpin.
With a clear track in front, Verstappen cruised off into the distance, increasing the gap by almost a second a lap on the Mercedes as Hamilton settled for second.
“That’s the best result I’ve had in a long time, so I’m super happy and grateful,” said an ecstatic Hamilton, who picked up seven points having scored only 10 the four previous races this season.
“We couldn’t fight the Red Bulls, the race was tough but I found out a lot about the car through this short stint so I’m excited for the race tomorrow.”
It was the first of six sprints on the bumper 24-race Formula One calendar in 2024, and the first where the new weekend format was used.
It means grand prix qualifying remains in its usual Saturday afternoon slot where the cars will prepare for Sunday’s main event.
The changes were welcomed by drivers and teams who can now adjust their car set-ups after the sprint race for GP qualifying, which wasn’t allowed previously.
On the first Chinese Grand Prix weekend since 2019, huge crowds turned out to see Shanghai native Zhou Guanyu, China’s first Formula One driver, make his home debut in his third season in the premier racing class.
Tickets for Sunday’s main race sold out in minutes and fans had plenty to cheer Friday when Zhou propelled his Sauber into the top 10 in a wet sprint qualifying session.
He started from 10th and in dry conditions for the race and moved up one place after the opening skirmishes.
Zhou agonizingly finished just out of the points in ninth after being passed late on by Russell, who started down in 11th on the grid but made the most of starting on quicker soft tires.