Births and marriages in Japan dropped to a new low in 2023, with the country recording more than twice as many deaths as new babies, according to government data.

South Korea’s birth rate also fell to a record low last year, the government said on Wednesday, despite having poured billions of dollars into efforts to encourage women to have more children and maintain population stability.

Japan’s births in 2023 fell for the eighth consecutive year, to 758,631, a drop of 5.1 percent, preliminary data released Tuesday showed.

The number of deaths, at 1,590,503, was more than double that figure, meaning the overall population declined by 831,872.

Births peaked in the post-war baby boom period between 1947 and 1949, with more than 2.5 million people born per year, according to a health ministry official in charge of the data.

During a second baby boom between 1971 and 1974, the yearly number of births in Japan stood at around two million, the official told Agence France-Presse.

In 2023, 489,281 marriages were registered, down 5.9 percent from the previous year and the first time they were under half a million.

The number is the lowest since 1933, when 486,058 couples tied the knot. At the time, the Japanese population was roughly 70 million compared to around 124 million now.

“The number of newborns in 2023 was 230,000, which was 19,200 fewer than the year before, representing a 7.7 percent decrease,” Lim Young-il, head of the Population Census Division at Statistics Korea, told reporters.

South Korea’s 2023 crude birth rate — the number of newborns per 1,000 people — was 4.5, down from 4.9 in 2022.

South Korea’s fertility rate — the number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime — dropped to 0.72 in 2023, down nearly 8 percent from 2022, according to preliminary data from Statistics Korea.

This is far below the 2.1 children needed to maintain the current population of 51 million.

At these rates, South Korea’s population will nearly halve to 26.8 million by 2100, according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington in Seattle.

Seoul has poured hundreds of billions of dollars into trying to encourage South Koreans to have more babies, offering cash subsidies, babysitting services and support for infertility treatment, but to no avail, with the fertility rate continuing to plummet to new lows.

“The number of newborns, birth rates, and crude birth rates are all at the lowest point since 1970” when data collection began, the official said, noting that South Korea’s 0.72 birth rate is the lowest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development nations.

He added that the average age for South Korean women to give birth was 33.6, which is the highest among OECD members.

Experts say there are multiple causes for the low birth rate, from high child-rearing costs and property prices to a notoriously competitive society that makes well-paid jobs difficult to secure.

The double burden for working mothers of carrying out the brunt of household chores and childcare while also maintaining their careers is another key factor, they say.