The increase covers almost all purchases, from electronics and alcohol to books and cars. #Japantax #consumertax

Japanese bakeries and convenience stores have two consumer tax rates, one for dine-in and the other for takeout customers. (AFP)

TOKYO, Japan — From October 1, Japan finally implements a much-delayed consumption tax hike, raising the rate from eight percent to 10 percent, despite fears the move could cause a recession.

The worries have receded somewhat in recent months, and the government insists the increase is necessary to fund key policy priorities.

Here are some questions and answers on key aspects of the move:

The increase covers almost all purchases, from electronics and alcohol to books and cars. The government has however made a few exceptions. Magazines and newspapers that publish more than twice a week will stay at eight percent, along with food items purchased for consumption off-site.

That means groceries will stay at the old rate, along with food purchased for takeout. But it puts some food retailers, including bakeries and the country’s ubiquitous convenience stores in a bind because customers can choose to eat their purchases in store or outside, requiring two different rates.

Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s government has twice delayed implementing the hike over fears it could hit the country’s fragile economic growth.

Growth in the second quarter was a revised 0.3 percent, compared to the previous quarter’s 0.5 percent, with exports hit by the global economic slowdown.

And historically tax hikes have hit Japan’s economy hard.

Both of the most recent increases — from three percent to five percent in 1997 and then to eight percent in 2014 — have been followed by recessions.

“Japanese wages haven’t been going up for 20 years,” said Martin Schulz, an economist at the Fujitsu Research Institute.

“That means that the consumption tax hike directly induces a reduction of purchasing power,” he told AFP.

Japanese consumers already face sticker shock thanks to various additional indirect taxes, including tariffs on imported goods.

Retailers display prices before tax, putting the full price only in smaller print below.

“It’s as if to say ‘It’s not us, it’s the mean government!'” Schulz said.

The hike has caused anxiety, with some consumers deciding to make big-ticket purchases before the increase comes into effect.

“The tax increase worries me because I’m going to retire at the end of the month and my pension isn’t very large,” Mayumi Susami, 65, told AFP at a large electronics store in Tokyo.

But experts say there are signs that many consumers have simply resigned themselves to the increase and are unlikely to adjust their spending.

“Contrary to expectations, there are minimal signs of a significant increase in consumer spending ahead of the tax hike next month,” Shahana Mukherjee, an economist at Moody’s Analytics told AFP.

“This situation lends further support to the notion that the tax hike is already priced into consumer expectations, and implies that spending is less likely to be dramatically altered post the increase.”

VAT in Japan is among the lowest in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, where the average rate in 2018 was 19.3 percent.

But the country has the world’s highest national debt among developed nations, a whopping 226 percent of GDP, and is struggling with the ballooning costs associated with its ageing population.

The government is taking measures to soften the blow for consumers and retailers, including a massive package to fund incentives for car and home purchases, and help low-income households and those with small children.

The measures mean it will be some time before the government sees much of an impact from the tax on its coffers. It eventually plans to use the increased revenue to improve the social security system as well as offer free preschool education from the age of three.